Bedsores: “top to bottom” and “bottom to top”

Perceptual learning: Top to bottom

Perceptual learning has traditionally been portrayed as a bottom-up phenomenon that improves encoding or decoding of the trained stimulus. Cognitive skills such as attention and memory are thought to drive, guide and modulate learning but are, with notable exceptions, not generally considered to undergo changes themselves as a result of training with simple perceptual tasks. Moreover, shifts in...

Bottom and Top Physics

The production of bottom quarks at the SSC and the formalism and phenomenology of observing CP violation in B meson decays is discussed. The production of a heavy t quark which decays into a real W boson, and what we might learn from its decays is examined.

Laparoscopic right colectomy from top to bottom.

Laparoscopic right colectomy (LRC) for colon cancer became a well-established technique in the surgical armamentarium of colorectal operations [1]. It has well proved advantages: reduction in postoperative pain, time to return of bowel function, and length of hospital stay. Different studies have also proven its safety in colorectal adenocarcinoma, with equivalence in nodal harvest, recurrence ...

Bottom-up, top-down

Bottom-Up Beats Top-Down

In PEPA, the calculation of the transitions enabled by a process accounts for a large part of the time for the state space exploration of the underlying Markov chain. Unlike other approaches based on recursion, we present a new technique that is iterative—it traverses the process’ binary tree from the sequential components at the leaves up to the root. Empirical results shows that this algorith...